The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council are collectively known as The National Academies. The National Academies are nonprofit organizations that provide advice on challenges that face the United States, and the world. The reports produced by The National Academies shape policies and public opinion. Headquartered in Washington, District of Columbia, The National Academies seek to encourage the pursuit of science, medicine, and engineering. Established in 1863, The National Academy of Sciences was the first institution in existence. As an employer, The National Academies has offered part-time work opportunities in the past.